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Vietnamese
Vietnamese (ti?ng Vi?t, or less commonly Vi?t ng?[2]), formerly known under the French colonization as Annamese (see Annam), is the national and official language of Vietnam. It is the mother tongue of the Vietnamese people (ngu?i Vi?t or ngu?i Kinh), who constitute 86% of Vietnam's population, and of about three million overseas Vietnamese, most of whom live in the United States. It is also spoken as a second language by some ethnic minorities of Vietnam. It is part of the Austroasiatic language family, of which it has the most speakers by a significant margin (several times larger than the other Austroasiatic languages put together). Much vocabulary has been borrowed from Chinese, and it was originally written using the Chinese writing system. The Vietnamese writing system in use today is an adapted version of the Latin alphabet, with additional diacritics for tones and certain letters.
Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic language spoken by about 82 million people mainly in Vietnam. There are also Vietnamese speakers in the USA, China, Cambodia, France, Australia, Laos, Canada and a number of other countries. Vietnamese has been the official language of Vietnam since the country gained independence from France in 1954.
Vietnamese was originally written with a Siniform (Chinese-like) script known as Ch?-nom or Nom. At first most Vietnamese literature was essentially Chinese in structure and vocabulary. Later literature developed a more Vietnamese style, but was still full of Chinese loan words. The greatest literary work in Vietnamese is Kim Van Kieu, the 'Tale of Kieu', a romance written by Nguyen-Du (1765-1820).
Ch?-nom was used until the 20th century. Courses in the Ch?-nom script were available at Ho Chi Minh University until 1993, but since then knowledge of and interest in the script has died out.
During the 17th century, Roman Catholic missionaries introduced a Latin-based orthography for Vietnamese, Qu?c Ng? (national language),which has been used ever since. Until the early 20th century, Qu?c Ng? was used in parallel with Ch?-nom. Today only Qu?c Ng? is used.
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