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Hanoi Vietnam
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. From 1010 until 1802, it was the political centre of an independent Vietnam with a few brief interruptions. It was eclipsed by Hu? during the Nguyen Dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but served as the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.
The city is located on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is located at 21°2' North, 105°51' East, 1760 km (1094 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).[1]
Hanoi is the northern capital city of Vietnam and is officially the political capital of the country. Most people who travel to Vietnam these days prefer to visit Saigon (also known as Ho Chi Minh City) in the south as this is more lively and is more of a commercial centre. When businesses want to locate to Vietnam, they generally open their main operation in the south but are obliged also to open another smaller office in Hanoi to keep abreast of government regulations and establish relationships. When I first visited Vietnam some five or six years ago, the country was still in the throes of the transition from the communist economic system to a capitalist system. This required the creation of a completely new legal system and, as a result, regulations and amendments were issued in profusion every day. Firms needed to retain lawyers full-time just to keep up to date with the daily changes.
Those days have passed, to some extent, since the entrepreneurial spirit of the Vietnamese people is now in full swing and management education has also been established. Yet Hanoi still retains much of an old-fashioned charm, with numerous pleasant cafes, lakeside walks and interesting restaurants and sites. It also has a most chaotic traffic system - well, system is a word that rather overstates the degree to which the anarchy of motor cycles, bicycles, trucks and buses all charge around the city with horns blaring continuously and all seemingly determined to get to their destination by means of the shortest possible route irrespective of anything or anyone who might happen to be in the way.
Cities usually develop for either or both of political or economic reasons. Political reasons include strategic locations for military fortifications and the opportunity to house religious monuments to help with the legitimization of the temporal rulers. Economic reasons include the confluence of trade routes or proximity to important resources. Hanoi has a history of being a city for both economic and political reasons. It is first known at the beginning of the C11th CE as a riverside village which then assumed much greater importance when King Ly Thai To relocated his capital there. Subsequent kings have all attempted to improve upon the beauty and auspiciousness of the city, even during the periods when it has not been a capital city.
Much of Vietnamese history has been defined by the desire to resist Chinese domination while at the same time benefiting from Chinese cultural institutions. This was also true of the establishment of Hanoi which followed a Chinese model - the T'ang Dynasty capital of Chang'an was also created in a square shaped pattern with 120 different craft guild areas. Hanoi was not able to grow so large because of constraints to its size imposed by the Red and To Lich Rivers, the Kim Nguu River and the West Lake. Nevertheless, Hanoi has become famous for its 36 guilds. It was initially known as Thang Long and provided accommodation for Ly Thai To's Dai La Citadel. Subsequent enlargement of the city and of the official buildings within it occurred periodically as respective monarchs felt the need and had the resources. Major constructions were carried out in the C17th and C18th by the Trinh lords, who were part of an aristocratic family dynasty who rivalled monarchs in their power. It was the Trinhs who built their own palace area outside the royal residence area - and rather overshadowing it.
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